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‘Moon’ by Kathleen Jamie – Textual Analysis Plan

Guiding Question: Comment on the links between the mother, the moon, and the speaker.

Thesis: Jamie, if one assumes her to be the speaker of the poem, uses the eponymous ‘Moon’ as an extended metaphor for her mother, and its associated connotations of distance to explore their relationship through imagery and structure.

Point 1: Jamie hints at her fractured relationship with her mother through the speaker’s uncertainty, a trait that can be inferred from her choice of verbs. (‘It seemed’, ‘appeared inclined’, and ‘I sensed’). Link to fear of presumption/assumption felt by a child wanting to impress a distant parent. Passivity of narrative voice.

Link to change in mood (introduction of agency, self-assurance, and confrontation) in the penultimate quatrain. (‘I said’).

Point 2: Delve into the moon as an extended metaphor. Connotations of distance, of ever-presence, of a force of nature constantly bearing down on someone, positioned above, judging. (‘The moon slipped into my attic room as an oblong of light’). Gentle connotations of ‘slipped’, but also deliberateness, the motion of which is hinted at by internal rhyme (‘Moon’ and ‘room’). ‘Oblong of light’ is an odd metaphor, the purity and hope of light is perverted into a strange shape.

Point 3: Jamie reminds us how overlooked the duality of maternal/filial relationships is through the rhetorical question in the final quatrain. (‘Are they quite beyond you, the simple words of love’). ‘Quite’ as an intensifier implies a spiteful tone from which a history of absent communication/affection can be inferred, while ‘simple’ seems derivative compared to the weight/gravity of love; it undermines the vulnerability required to confess it. Perhaps both the mother and the daughter misunderstand each other. (‘Say them’) uses the imperative to connote pleading and desperation rather than a command, the need for maternal/filial love.

Othello – Act 5 Analysis and Personal Response

Discuss the role of Othello in the final scene. What do you think of his motives for killing Desdemona, and how are they consistent with his feelings in Acts 3 & 4?

It could be argued that he is a merely a pawn of Iago, but his opening monologue reveals that, by this point, he is more so a pawn of his own jealous mind and his entitled sense of righteousness. He is, as much as Iago, to blame. His mind works like a self-perpetuation machine, affirming its own doubts (True ocular proof is never given), and this removes the sympathy we felt for him earlier on. Furthermore, his turn to sexual, demeaning language, coupled with his actions towards Desdemona (striking her), become increasingly unacceptable and irredeemable.

In this scene, everything that the audience already knows (through Iago) now comes to light for the other characters. How effectively do you think Shakespeare has plotted all this?

Misunderstandings are fundamental to tragedies, but I still think they’re poor driving forces for narratives; the weight of real, personal conflict isn’t there. Perhaps this is because of our modern context, in which communication is encouraged, particularly with regards to emotions and relationships, but it feels that if the characters of the play were to just have one conversation with each other Iago’s plan would be void.

In this scene, Iago is exposed. Why does Shakespeare render him determinedly silent? How do you understand the repeated descriptions of him as ‘villain’? Is he merely the ‘stage villain’, ‘the bad guy’?

He is very much a moustache-twirling villain, but I think that narrative choice works, as it just plays into his supreme sense of ego. Despite this, his asides to the audience can come across as particularly heavy-handed at times.

What is the effect of bringing in first Montano and Gratiano, then Lodovico? What do these characters contribute to our final experience of the drama?

The extra characters serve as a diegetic audience to the dramatic conclusion of the narrative; our emotions can be expressed through them. Additionally, it introduces a court of public of opinion, furthering Iago’s comeuppance.

Lines 334-352. What feelings and motives do you sense in this speech of Othello’s? Consider that he refers to what has just happened as ‘unlucky’. Consider also the ways he thinks he should justly be spoken of. Do you have sympathy for him here?

Some, he is definitely a victim, if not of Iago then of his own fears, but Shakespeare again writes his monologue as entitled; Othello feels he deserves forgiveness and a legacy just because of his circumstance, which comes across as self-obsessed and insincere. Why should we not remember Desdemona, the innocent lover murdered by a misguided agent of jealousy whom she trusted?

Pride and Prejudice – Chapters 50 to 54 Analysis Grid

Chapter Summary Key Themes Character Development Narrative Conventions
Chapter 50 Lydia and Wickham’s marriage is judged before the pair are ‘banished to the North’. Elizabeth finally reaches the much anticipated epiphany that she loves Darcy. Prejudice and marriage. Lydia and Wickham negatively reinforce each other. Epistolary form. (Mr Gardiner’s letter).
Chapter 51 Lydia is married, and it is revealed Darcy was at the wedding. Elizabeth writes to Mrs Gardiner for answers. Marriage, love (or lack thereof), and family. The mystery of Darcy’s character is furthered. Wickham is revealed to be as shallow as ever and Lydia echoes her mother’s negative traits. Authorial voice.
Chapter 52 Mrs Gardiner replies, detailing Darcy’s antics in pursuit of Elizabeth. He convinced Wickham, with the help of large amounts of money, to marry Lydia and settle down, hiding the whole ordeal with the help of Mr Gardiner. Mrs Gardiner begins to suspect Darcy and Elizabeth. Wickham and Elizabeth catch up. Class, wealth, marriage, pride, and prejudice. Darcy’s benevolence is revealed to Elizabeth, allowing her to accept her new feelings for him. Furthermore, his prejudice against her low family is now clearly gone. Elizabeth is not overly prejudiced against Wickham either, despite having good reason to be. A lot of epistolary form.
Chapter 53 Bingley returns! And Darcy, but he may as well have not bothered, giving how much he talks to Elizabeth. Jane and Bingley begin to rediscover their severed love. Masculinity and emotion, love, class, pride, and prejudice. Darcy is clearly a different person when he’s not in the comfort of his own home, but his awkwardness continues to be endearing. Elizabeth’s feelings for him are developed through his inaction, as she becomes frustrated. Narrative voice.
Chapter 54 Jane and Bingley continue to develop their romance, as he takes a seat by her. Elizabeth and Darcy are separated at the table and she begins to doubt his affections. Darcy is forced to endure the conversation of Mrs Bennet. Prejudice, love, class, masculinity and male emotion. Darcy’s continued silence provides Elizabeth with a lot of time to dwell on his potential feelings. She scarifies her pride and accepts that rejecting his proposal was a mistake, as she might have jeopardised her chance at a loving marriage. Narrative voice.

Pride and Prejudice – Chapter 44

What is the function of Miss Darcy in Chapter 44?

Miss Darcy acts as a metaphor for Elizabeth’s perception of Mr Darcy, as she is once again fooled by preconceived notions into thinking a Darcy sibling is shallow (‘she had heard that Miss Darcy was extremely proud’ p.g. 217), only to be surprised at their true nature. On a narrative level, Miss Darcy’s introduction is somewhat underwhelming, as anxieties over her character and her perceived relationship with Darcy have influenced Elizabeth throughout the novel, which contrast to her shyness; in actuality, she is not really a force at all, let alone a strong narrative one. Alternatively, she could represent the good in Pemberley, and thus Darcy, as the traits Elizabeth finds attractive in him can also be found in her countenance. Darcy introducing his sister to Elizabeth only increases his vulnerability, which in turn strengthens their romantic bond.

How are Elizabeth’s relationships depicted in this chapter?

She is shown to be fiercely loyal to Jane, as Elizabeth is constantly thinking about her in relation to Miss Darcy. It resurfaces her remaining grievances with Mr Darcy, but also her muddled feelings, as romance bubbles. (‘Elizabeth was pleased to find his memory so exact’ and ‘There was not much in the question, nor in the proceeding remark, but there was a look and manner which gave them meaning’, both from p.g. 219).

Pride and Prejudice – Chapters 24, 25 & 26

Chapter 24

Explain why Jane’s rational reaction to Charlotte’s marriage appears to be more justified than Elizabeth’s incredulity.

Jane, as the older sister, has been raised with the objective to marry. Charlotte, while marrying a fool, has achieved everything Jane has been brought up to achieve, so she can recognise the motivations for her making such a decision. Elizabeth fails to realise she is privileged; she has the luxury of concerning herself with things like love in regards to marriage instead of wealth, class, and reputation.

Comment on Mr Bennet’s use of irony. Is he warning Elizabeth about her partiality for Wickham, or is there another reason?

Bennet’s use of ‘jilt’ might suggest he doubts Wickham’s character, perhaps foreshadowing falsehood in his account of Darcy’s upbringing. At the very least he gives her the responsibility to choose her own partner, showing he trusts her judgement.

Chapter 25

Comment on the contrasting characters of Mrs Gardiner and Mrs Bennett.

Contrastingly to Mrs Bennet, Mrs Gardiner is described as an ‘amiable, intelligent, elegant’ woman, and is one of the rare characters that Elizabeth is able to confide in without the guard of civility. Up to this point in the novel, true communication only really occurs between Elizabeth and Jane, so this ranks Mrs Gardiner highly amongst the other, more familiar characters. She takes a maternal role in Elizabeth’s life while she is away from Mrs Bennet; a contrast that reflects negatively on Mrs Bennet.

How does Austen appear to view women with an obsessive interest in fashion? Evidence?

Austen doesn’t seem to cast judgement on the characters that obsess with appearance, perhaps suggesting that fashion is one of the stereotypically feminine conventions that she look down on her female characters for.

Chapter 26

Comment on the use of epistolary form.

Because handwritten letters are so constructed, the letter in Chapter 26 not only gives us an insight into Jane’s emotions, but also how she feels it’s best to convey them to Elizabeth. For example, she forgives, and makes excuses for, the actions of Miss Bingley, perhaps in an attempt to soften the blow to Elizabeth, who she knows will be furious.

A Doll’s House – An Analysis of Act II

How is Nora’s terror illustrated in the opening sequence?

Shorter, fragmented sentences and a repetition of dashes and exclamation marks connote frenzy and terror. Gradually, as Nora confides in the maid, her sentences return to normality, illustrating a clear change in behaviour and thus further emphasizing the erratic nature of the prior behaviour.

How is the nurse important in this short exchange with Nora? – Think about female worldly experience.

The nurse reinforces the disadvantaged role of women in society, and emphasises the hardships they have to suffer to get ahead. For example, the nurse abandons her own children, the ultimate symbol of femininity, for class security; to achieve some form of social status, she abandons her status as a woman. (Foreshadowing?)

How does the dress become symbolic – Helmer’s choice of costume for Nora? 

Helmer’s choice of a Neapolitan fisher-girl links to his recuperation in Italy, as ‘Neapolitan’ derives from Naples in the south of the country. Her being a ‘fisher-girl’ could be symbolic of the falseness surrounding their holiday there. 

In literature of the period, Nora’s character would have been given a chance to redeem herself through selflessly nursing an invalid – how is this cliché shattered with regards to Rank?

Contrastingly, she plans to take advantage of his devastation for monetary gain. This plan is only uprooted when she discovers he loves her, an idea that she rejects instantly with no sympathy. Moreover, she gets frustrated with him, as his doomed love for her has complicated her opportunity to profit off of him.

Pride and Prejudice – Chapters 19 to 23 Analysis

Chapter Summary Key Themes Character Development Narrative Conventions
19 – Ben

Mr Collins asks for a private audience with Elizabeth, much to the delight of Mrs Bennet. Unsurprisingly, he asks for her hand in marriage, and even more unsurprisingly, she declines, but not before Collins lists every reason under the sun for them to get married except love and a desire to be committed to each other. Collins, not to be disparaged by reality, convinces himself Elizabeth is only declining his first offer because she is secretly obsessed with him, which Elizabeth attempts to discourage, but ultimately she realises she cannot compete with Mr Collins’ pride, and goes to appeal to her father for intervention.

  • Pride.
  • Marriage, particularly external influences on it.
  • Class and opportunities for class mobility.
  • Femininity and the idea of female ‘delicacy’, particularly the limitations it has on a woman in a patriarchal society.
Collins, in equal parts, becomes increasingly sinister and laughably ignorant/self-important.

‘The violence of my affection’ (p.g. 91). 

Elizabeth, despite immediately and repeatedly standing up for herself and making her feelings clear, becomes more aware of her inability to achieve anything in her male-dominated society.

‘To apply to her father, whose negative might be uttered in such a manner as must be decisive’ (p.g. 94).

Breaks the narrative convention of a romantic proposal by removing all romance from it. Furthermore, it is rejected immediately, removing the drama created by a typical proposal scene.
20 – Izabella Mrs Bennet rushes in to congratulate Mr Collins but is shocked to hear that Elizabeth refused him. She runs to Mr Bennet and demands that he convinces his daughter to accept it. 
  • Family
  • Pride
  • Marriage
Although women could refuse a proposal, they were not expected to. Elizabeth shows her dedication to her happiness, putting herself first. Disregards the ideology that men hold power in stereotypical relationships, however in this instance Elizabeth arguably holds the power. 
21 – Aimee Elizabeth meets Mr Wickham in Meryton and he apologises for not attending the ball. She also introduced him to her parents. A letter arrives for Jane from Caroline Bingley to say that they are going back to the city. She also informs her of Mr Bingley’s plans to marry Mr Darcy’s sister. This upsets Jane and Elizabeth comforts her. 
  • Marriage (complicated social conventions, often subtle)
  • Family 
Jane – 

Jane very rarely expresses her affection for Mr Bingley, and we can see that this apparent marriage really upset her

More focus on domestic setting.
22 – Jazz Mr Collins sneaks away from the Bennet house to propose to Miss Lucas because she acted kindly towards him. The Lucases are thrilled with this engagement – partially because Mr Collins is due to inherit the Bennets’ wealth. Charlotte herself is satisfied, not with Mr Collins but that she is getting married at all. Valuing her friendship with Elizabeth, Charlotte heads off to tell her privately about the engagement. Elizabeth is shocked that Charlotte had accepted his proposal & feels that she is ‘disgracing herself’ by doing so.
  • Marriage
  • Class / class mobility
  • Prejudice
  • Family
Further respect is lost for Mr Collins as we see him use the same technique for proposing on Charlotte as he does for Elizabeth. Elizabeth stresses this point – ‘two offers of marriage within three days’ (pg 108)

Elizabeth’s stance on marriage is further explored with her opinion on Mr Collins & Miss Lucas’ engagement as she feels that Miss L shouldn’t be getting married for ‘worldly advantage’.

Pg 108 – Elizabeth’s thoughts about the engagement overtake the voice of the narrator

Breaks away from common narrative conventions by not creating tension or conflict with the engagement – all people directly involved act civilly

23 – Jazz Sir William Lucas (SLW) arrives at the Bennet house to share the news of the engagement. Mrs Bennet & Lydia react ‘boisterously’ and exclaim that it couldn’t be true. Elizabeth & Jane, attempting to stop Mrs B & Lydia’s reactions, congratulate SLW on the news. Mrs B blames Elizabeth for the engagement & it takes her many months to finally forgive her. Jane & Elizabeth begin to worry about Bingley’s absence – Elizabeth in particular worrying that his sisters are managing to convince him to stay in London. To Mrs B’s dismay Mr Collins returns to Longbourne & the sight of Charlotte is ‘odious’ to her, growing paranoid that Charlotte is beginning to make plans to throw out the Bennet’s after Mr B’s death.
  • Pride – Elizabeth setting an example for the Bennet family during SLW’s visit.
  • Family
  • Marriage
Mrs Bennet is a lot more emotional in this chapter than previous ones as her hopes for Longbourne estate to remain home to one of her daughters has gone up in smoke. She is furious at Elizabeth, Charlotte & the other Lucases about this.
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